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Related Concept Videos

Action Potentials01:41

Action Potentials

139.7K
Overview
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Action Potential01:14

Action Potential

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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...
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Action Potential01:31

Action Potential

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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
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Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

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The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...
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Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles01:24

Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles

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Every cell in the body maintains a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across its plasma membrane. The membrane potential is measured in millivolts and quantifies the difference in charge across the membrane.
Like neurons, muscle cells are also regarded as excitable due to their capacity to change in response to stimuli, primarily due to voltage-gated ion channels embedded in their plasma membranes, which get activated by alterations in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

In Vivo Intracellular Recording of Type-Identified Rat Spinal Motoneurons During Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation
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Action potential alterations induced by single F11 neuronal cell loading.

Miren Tamayo-Elizalde1, Haoyu Chen1, Majid Malboubi1

  • 1Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
|January 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new system to mechanically stimulate individual neurons and record their electrical activity. This Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) method reveals how mechanical forces reversibly alter neuronal function, offering insights into brain mechanics.

Keywords:
Action potentialMechano-electrical couplingNeuron multiphysics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Cellular Mechanics

Background:

  • Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) non-invasively perturbs neuronal function, but underlying mechanisms are unclear.
  • In vitro studies on TUS effects on individual neurons are limited.
  • A system for controlled mechanical loading and simultaneous electrophysiological recording of single neurons is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel multiphysics platform for studying the effects of mechanical stimulation on individual neurons.
  • To investigate the real-time electrophysiological responses of neurons to controlled mechanical loads.
  • To explore the mechanisms of reversible and irreversible changes in neuronal function under mechanical stress.

Main Methods:

  • A multiphysics setup combining nanoindentation and patch clamp techniques.
  • Integration with an inverted microscope for simultaneous bright-field/fluorescence imaging.
  • Mechanical compression of single dorsal root ganglion neurons with simultaneous action potential recording.

Main Results:

  • Transient quasi-static mechanical loads reversibly altered neuronal action potential amplitude and rate of change.
  • Action potentials became smaller and slower during indentation.
  • Some neuronal features were irreversibly altered by the mechanical load.

Conclusions:

  • The developed platform enables simultaneous imaging, mechanical manipulation, and electrophysiological recording of single cells.
  • This system is suitable for investigating the multiphysics of neuronal function under mechanical perturbation.
  • Findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms of Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation and cellular mechanobiology.