Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antiplatelet Drugs: Prostaglandin Synthesis, P2Y12 and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors01:20

Antiplatelet Drugs: Prostaglandin Synthesis, P2Y12 and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

865
Antiplatelet drugs emerge as frontline defenders against the insidious threat of thromboembolic diseases, where abnormal clots obstruct vital blood vessels. These drugs stand as bulwarks, inhibiting platelet aggregation and clot formation, thereby mitigating the risk of life-threatening conditions like myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and thrombotic strokes.
Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, exemplified by the widely known aspirin, wield their power by irreversibly acetylating...
865
Formation of the Platelet Plug01:22

Formation of the Platelet Plug

8.1K
The platelet phase, the second stage of hemostasis, commences around 15-20 seconds after an injury. It follows and overlaps with the vascular phase, during which blood vessels constrict to minimize blood loss.
As the injured blood vessel contracts, endothelial cells undergo contraction, revealing collagen fibers in the basement membrane and underlying connective tissue. Furthermore, the plasma membrane of endothelial cells becomes adhesive, preparing the site for platelet adhesion. Platelets...
8.1K
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

9.7K
Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
9.7K
Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

908
Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct...
908
Parasympathetic Division of the ANS01:08

Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

3.0K
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates rest and digestion functions in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic division, promoting relaxation, conservation of energy, and digestion. The parasympathetic division consists of preganglionic fibers originating from specific cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4). These fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia, innervating various organs and...
3.0K
Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

1.7K
The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
1.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

In tribute to Francesco Di Virgilio, a great scientist and a wonderful friend.

Purinergic signalling·2026
Same author

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2025/26: Ion channels.

British journal of pharmacology·2025
Same author

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2025/26: G protein-coupled receptors.

British journal of pharmacology·2025
Same author

Editorial-Translation of purinergic drugs into therapeutic use.

Purinergic signalling·2025
Same author

Honouring Geoff Burnstock.

Purinergic signalling·2024
Same author

Effect of costus lucanius bagasse fibre on fresh and hardened concrete using RSM modelling.

Scientific reports·2024
Same journal

The role of Piezo1 in skeletal muscle physiology and pathology: from mechanosensing to precision therapy.

Biochemical pharmacology·2026
Same journal

Notch signaling in anti-VEGF resistant arteriolar choroidal neovascularization.

Biochemical pharmacology·2026
Same journal

Methylated SNHG3 lncRNA counteracts PSMD4-inhibited angiogenesis by HnRNPA2B1 SUMOylation in peripheral arterial disease.

Biochemical pharmacology·2026
Same journal

The organelle-targeting duality of nanomaterials: physicochemical property-guided therapeutic effects and toxicological outcomes.

Biochemical pharmacology·2026
Same journal

The central role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson's disease and targeted therapeutic strategies.

Biochemical pharmacology·2026
Same journal

Mechanisms involved in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenes.

Biochemical pharmacology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels
16:36

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels

Published on: May 18, 2009

15.0K

The P2Y/P2X divide: How it began.

Charles Kennedy1

  • 1Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland.

Biochemical Pharmacology
|January 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular nucleotides signal through P2 receptors, which were classified into P2X and P2Y families. Advances in structural biology and medicinal chemistry have led to subtype-selective drugs for P2 receptors.

Keywords:
HeterodimerP2 receptorsP2X receptorsP2Y receptors

More Related Videos

Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells
11:47

Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells

Published on: April 3, 2019

9.5K
Turbidimetry on Human Washed Platelets: The Effect of the Pannexin1-inhibitor Brilliant Blue FCF on Collagen-induced Aggregation
09:13

Turbidimetry on Human Washed Platelets: The Effect of the Pannexin1-inhibitor Brilliant Blue FCF on Collagen-induced Aggregation

Published on: April 6, 2017

12.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels
16:36

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels

Published on: May 18, 2009

15.0K
Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells
11:47

Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells

Published on: April 3, 2019

9.5K
Turbidimetry on Human Washed Platelets: The Effect of the Pannexin1-inhibitor Brilliant Blue FCF on Collagen-induced Aggregation
09:13

Turbidimetry on Human Washed Platelets: The Effect of the Pannexin1-inhibitor Brilliant Blue FCF on Collagen-induced Aggregation

Published on: April 6, 2017

12.3K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides exert effects via P2 receptors.
  • P2 receptors were initially classified based on pharmacological studies in smooth muscle.
  • Subsequent cloning efforts clarified P2 receptor subtypes into P2X and P2Y families.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development and classification of P2 receptors.
  • To highlight advancements in understanding P2 receptor structure and function.
  • To discuss the impact of medicinal chemistry on P2 receptor pharmacology.

Main Methods:

  • Pharmacological characterization of P2 receptor subtypes.
  • Cloning of P2X and P2Y receptor genes.
  • High-resolution structural imaging of P2 receptor subtypes.
  • Medicinal chemistry approaches to develop subtype-selective ligands.

Main Results:

  • Identification and classification of seven P2X and eight P2Y receptor subtypes.
  • Detailed structural insights into agonist and antagonist binding.
  • Development of clinically useful subtype-selective P2 receptor modulators.

Conclusions:

  • The field of P2 receptor research has progressed significantly due to advancements in molecular biology, structural studies, and medicinal chemistry.
  • Geoff Burnstock's foundational work and leadership were instrumental in advancing P2 receptor science.
  • Targeted P2 receptor therapies are now a reality, impacting clinical practice.