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Related Concept Videos

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

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In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
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Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles
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From Glucose to Polymers: A Continuous Chemoenzymatic Process.

Sampa Maiti1, Saikat Manna2, Nicholas Banahene1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Science of Advanced Materials, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a chemoenzymatic process to efficiently convert glucose into polymerizable monomers, overcoming challenges in renewable polymer synthesis. This method enables the high-yield production of sugar-based polymers, offering a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics.

Keywords:
chemoenzymatic processesglucosepoly(orthoester)polymer synthesissustainable chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biocatalysis
  • Sustainable Materials

Background:

  • Current synthesis of degradable polymers from renewable resources faces technical and economic hurdles.
  • Inefficient conversion of natural building blocks into polymerizable monomers necessitates multi-step synthesis and purification.
  • Petroleum-based polymers present significant environmental challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a chemoenzymatic process for efficient monomer synthesis from renewable resources.
  • To establish a continuous, multi-step process for producing sugar-based polymers.
  • To provide a proof-of-concept for economically viable and technically feasible renewable polymer production.

Main Methods:

  • Enzymatic regioselective functional group transformation of glucose.
  • Development of a continuous, three-step synthesis process.
  • Quantitative yield conversion of glucose to a polymerizable monomer, eliminating chromatographic purification.

Main Results:

  • Efficient conversion of glucose into a polymerizable monomer in quantitative yield.
  • Successful synthesis of a sugar polymer, sugar poly(orthoester), directly from glucose.
  • Achieved a high overall yield of 73% for the sugar polymer from glucose.

Conclusions:

  • The developed chemoenzymatic process overcomes key challenges in renewable monomer synthesis.
  • This approach offers a technically and economically viable route to sugar-based polymers.
  • The study demonstrates a promising proof-of-concept for sustainable polymer alternatives.