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Related Concept Videos

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization01:37

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry out specialized functions. Since biological membranes are only selectively permeable to solutes, they help create a compartment with controlled conditions inside an organelle. These microenvironments are tailored to the organelle's specific functions and help isolate them from the surrounding cytosol.
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One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry out specialized functions. Since biological membranes are only selectively permeable to solutes, they help create a compartment with controlled conditions inside an organelle. These microenvironments are tailored to the organelle's specific functions and help isolate them from the surrounding cytosol.
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Golgi Apparatus01:09

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Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
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Golgi Apparatus01:49

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As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.
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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Artificial Organelles: Towards Adding or Restoring Intracellular Activity.

Roy A J F Oerlemans1, Suzanne B P E Timmermans1, Jan C M van Hest1

  • 1Bio-Organic Chemistry Research Group, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO3.41), 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Chembiochem : a European Journal of Chemical Biology
|January 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are creating artificial organelles to enhance cell functions. This review explores three methods: nanoparticle incorporation, hybrid nanoreactors, and bio-based structures for advanced cellular engineering.

Keywords:
artificial organellesintracellular catalysisnanoreactorsnanotechnologysynthetic biology

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Cell Biology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Living systems utilize compartmentalization for controlled biological processes, exemplified by cellular organelles.
  • Artificial organelles are engineered compartments designed to introduce new catalytic functions into living cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss complementary approaches for creating artificial organelles.
  • To highlight the state of the art, scope, and limitations in the field of artificial organelles.

Main Methods:

  • Orthogonal chemistry: incorporating catalytically active transition metal nanoparticles into cells.
  • Hybrid nanoreactors: utilizing pre-made nanostructures for transient cellular functions.
  • Genetic engineering: developing bio-based structures for constitutive cellular integration.

Main Results:

  • Discusses three distinct strategies for artificial organelle development.
  • Examines the integration of nanoparticles, nanoreactors, and genetically engineered components within cells.
  • Highlights the potential and challenges associated with each approach.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial organelles offer a promising avenue for expanding cellular capabilities.
  • The field is advancing through diverse methodologies, including chemical and genetic engineering.
  • Further research is needed to overcome limitations and fully realize the potential of these synthetic cellular components.