Oral microbiome and oral cancer - The probable nexus

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The known risk factors for oral cancer are tobacco, alcohol consumption and betel quid chewing. Nutritional deficiencies and certain microorganisms are also associated with oral cancer. Oral cavity is a host to numerous microorganisms, majority of which are bacterial communities along with fungi and viruses. A possibility of the dysregulation of the oral microbiome cannot be ignored. Oral microbiome is defined as the collective genome of microorganisms that reside in the oral cavity. With the development of culture-independent techniques, the detection and identification of the bacteria which cannot be cultured has become possible. Revolution in technology has led to increased research in this area in an attempt to find the role of microbiome in health and disease. Before identifying the exact role the microbiome plays in the development of oral cancer, it is essential to profile the microbiome in healthy individuals and patients with oral cancer. It is essential to note that oral cancer may sometimes occur without any habit too!! This article is an attempt to review the role of oral microbiome in oral cancer with a focus on the bacteriome, its related studies and in brief about the omics technologies in understanding the microbiome.