Functionally graded biomaterials for use as model systems and replacement tissues.

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Tissue Engineering
• Regenerative Medicine

Background:

• Native tissues exhibit complex gradients (porosity, mineralization, fiber alignment) crucial for function.
• Existing biomaterials often lack the complexity to fully replicate native tissue heterogeneity.
• Understanding and mimicking these gradients is key for effective tissue substitutes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review strategies for engineering functionally graded materials (FGMs).
• To explore how FGMs can model and repair heterogeneous tissues.
• To describe cellular interactions with engineered material gradients.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent advancements in fabrication techniques like microfluidics, electrospinning, and 3D printing.
• Analysis of methods enabling high spatial resolution and rapid prototyping of FGMs.
• Examination of strategies for spatiotemporal presentation of cues in FGMs.

Main Results:

• FGMs can effectively mimic native tissue gradients, influencing mechanical properties and cell signaling.
• Advanced fabrication techniques allow for precise control over gradient characteristics.
• Few materials have demonstrated the ability to present both spatial and temporal cues.

Conclusions:

• Functionally graded materials are promising for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
• Continued development of fabrication methods is crucial for creating sophisticated FGMs.
• Understanding cell-gradient interactions is vital for successful clinical translation.