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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Updated: Nov 21, 2025

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
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Update on bladder cancer molecular subtypes.

Megan Hoi Yan Fong1, Mingxiao Feng1, David J McConkey1

  • 1Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Translational Andrology and Urology
|January 18, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in high-throughput technology have enabled detailed molecular subtyping of bladder cancer. Understanding these subtypes (basal, luminal, and others) is crucial for personalized treatment and improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Molecular subtypesbladder cancerclinical application

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • High-throughput technologies have spurred research into bladder cancer molecular subtypes since 2014.
  • Initial classifications identified basal and luminal subtypes, similar to breast cancer.
  • The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) further subdivided these into squamous, infiltrated, luminal-papillary, genomically unstable (GU), and small cell carcinoma (SCC) subtypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of recent research on bladder cancer molecular subtypes.
  • To discuss the clinical utility of these subtypes in patient management.
  • To highlight the development of a consensus molecular classification (CMC).

Main Methods:

  • Review of published literature on bladder cancer molecular subtypes.
  • Analysis of gene expression profiling data.
  • Examination of classification systems including TCGA and CMC.

Main Results:

  • Gene expression profiling revealed major basal and luminal subtypes.
  • TCGA and CMC classifications provide detailed molecular subdivisions.
  • Research is increasingly focused on the clinical utility of these subtypes for prognostication and therapeutic prediction.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular subtyping of bladder cancer has evolved significantly, with CMC offering a standardized approach.
  • Understanding molecular subtypes is essential for advancing personalized medicine in bladder cancer.
  • Future clinical trials will likely leverage these subtypes to guide treatment decisions.