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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

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The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment...
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The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

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Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Purification of Active Photosystem I-Light Harvesting Complex I from Plant Tissues
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The two roles of complex III in plants.

Hans-Peter Braun1

  • 1Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.

Elife
|January 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Atomic structures of plant mitochondrial enzyme complexes reveal their diverse roles. Understanding these structures is key to unlocking their multiple functions in cellular processes.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Mitochondria are vital organelles in plant cells, responsible for energy production.
  • Mitochondrial enzyme complexes play crucial roles in cellular respiration and metabolism.
  • Detailed structural information of these complexes is essential for understanding their function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the atomic structures of key mitochondrial enzyme complexes in plants.
  • To provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying their diverse functions.
  • To establish a structural basis for future research on plant mitochondrial metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography was employed to determine the high-resolution structures.
  • Cryo-electron microscopy was utilized for larger complex visualization.
Keywords:
cryoEMenzymesmembrane proteinmolecular biophysicsplant biologyrespirationstructural biologysupercomplexvigna radiata, mitochondria

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  • Biochemical assays were performed to validate functional implications of the structures.

    • Main Results:

    • The atomic structures of several essential mitochondrial enzyme complexes were resolved.
    • Unique structural features correlating with specific enzymatic activities were identified.
    • Interactions between subunits within the complexes were detailed, revealing assembly principles.

    Conclusions:

    • The determined atomic structures offer unprecedented insights into plant mitochondrial enzyme complex organization.
    • These findings advance our understanding of energy metabolism and cellular processes in plants.
    • The structural data provides a foundation for investigating mitochondrial dysfunction and potential therapeutic targets.