Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 20, 2025
A Bedside, Single Burr Hole Approach to Multimodality Monitoring in Severe Brain Injury
Published on: March 26, 2019
Awake surgery in sitting position for chronic subdural hematoma
Milan Lepić1,2,3, Stefan Mandić-Rajčević4, Goran Pavlićević1,2
1Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia.
Background:
Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common pathology in neurosurgery, especially in the elderly patients, and its incidence is likely to double in the next decade. Considering various features of CSDH and the procedure itself, a sitting position may retain the best characteristics of classic positioning, while offering additional comfort for both the patient and the surgeon. The aim of this study was to describe the technical aspects of this procedure in the sitting position, to evaluate safety and discuss the benefits and shortcomings of this modification.
Method:
This study included a series of 55 patients surgically treated for CSDH in a sitting position at our department between December 2017 and September 2019, representing all the patients operated on during the study period by a single surgeon. Bilateral hematomas were present in 19 patients. Outcomes, during the 6-month follow-up period, were defined as good (CSDH and symptoms resolved) or poor (lethal outcome or reoccurrence). All complications were noted, with emphasis on pneumocephalus, and complications related to the sitting position: tension pneumocephalus, venous air embolism, and compression nerve injury.
Results:
Complications previously associated with the sitting position were not noted. The Glasgow Coma Scale and Markwalder Grading Scale scores improved significantly after the surgery (p < 0.001 and p = 0.018). Complications were noted in 17 patients (30.9%), and included 5 cerebrospinal fluid drainages, 3 hematoma reoccurrences, 2 wound infections, and 9 more single-occurring complications. The in-hospital mortality was 5.4% (3 out of 55 patients), while the overall mortality was 16.4% within the 6-month follow-up period.
Conclusions:
In our series, even the severely ill patients tolerated the position well. No complications associated with the sitting position were noted. Future studies should confirm the safety of this position and evaluate the potential advantages for both the patient and the surgeon.
