Histamine exerts both direct H₂-mediated and indirect catecholaminergic effects on heart rate in pythons

The vertebrate heart is regulated by excitatory adrenergic and inhibitory cholinergic innervations, as well as non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) factors that may be circulating in the blood or released from the autonomic nerves. As an example of NANC signaling, an increased histaminergic tone, acting through stimulation of H₂ receptors, contributes markedly to the rise in heart rate during digestion in pythons. In addition to the direct effects of histamine, it is also known that histamine can reinforce the cholinergic and adrenergic signaling. Thus, to further our understanding of the histaminergic regulation of the cardiovascular response in pythons, we designed a series of in vivo experiments complemented by in vitro experiments on sinoatrial and vascular ring preparations. We demonstrate the tachycardic mechanism of histamine works partly through a direct binding of cardiac H₂ receptors and in part through a myocardial histamine-induced catecholamine release, which strengthens the sympathetic adrenergic signaling pathway.