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Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

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Overview of Valence Bond Theory
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Bond Energies and Bond Lengths02:49

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

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Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.
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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Chemical Bonds02:40

Chemical Bonds

20.0K

Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds
An ionic bond is formed due to electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Often, the ions are formed by the transfer of electrons...
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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

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How Long Can A C-C σ-Single Bond Be?

Jian-Xiong Yang1, Yan Alexander Wang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|January 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created an exceptionally long carbon-carbon single bond, termed a fringe bond, significantly exceeding current records. Polymerizing these bonds could lead to novel materials with electronic properties similar to conducting polymers.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional carbon-carbon single bonds have limitations in length and strength.
  • Existing organic conducting polymers rely on unsaturated conjugated systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and characterize a novel, extremely long carbon-carbon sigma (σ) single bond.
  • To explore the potential of polymerizing these novel bonds into extended saturated frameworks.
  • To investigate the electronic properties of such polymerized structures.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical design of molecular structures with specific sp2-hybridized carbon atom configurations.
  • Computational analysis of orbital alignment and bond characteristics.
  • Modeling of polymerized chains and their electronic band structures.

Main Results:

  • Successfully designed a molecular structure featuring a C2p-C2p σ-single bond exceeding 3 Å in length.
  • The novel 'fringe bond' is over 1 Å longer and 300 kJ/mol weaker than typical C-C σ-bonds.
  • Polymerized fringe bond chains exhibit band gaps comparable to established organic conducting polymers.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated the feasibility of creating unprecedentedly long and weak C-C σ-bonds.
  • Introduced the concept of 'fringe bonds' as a new class of chemical bonding.
  • Proposed a novel pathway to organic electronic materials using extended saturated bonding frameworks.