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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina
Published on: March 22, 2015
Targeting the integrated stress response in ophthalmology
Hsiao-Sang Chu1,2,3, Cornelia Peterson4, Albert Jun1
1Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
The Integrated Stress Response (ISR) pathway is crucial for cellular survival in the eye, regulating protein translation under stress. Targeting the ISR offers potential treatments for various ophthalmic diseases.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Cellular Biology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- The Integrated Stress Response (ISR) is a conserved cellular pathway.
- It regulates protein translation in response to various stressors.
- The ISR plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To summarize the ISR in ophthalmology, focusing on the cornea and anterior segment.
- To explore the ISR's role in ocular tissue function and development.
- To discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the ISR in ophthalmic diseases.
Main Methods:
- Literature review and synthesis of existing research on the ISR.
- Analysis of the ISR's mechanisms in ocular tissues.
- Discussion of potential therapeutic strategies targeting the ISR.
Main Results:
- The ISR responds to stressors like UV light, viral infections, and unfolded proteins.
- Under stress, the ISR inhibits cap-dependent translation and upregulates ATF4.
- While typically pro-survival, prolonged ISR activation can lead to apoptosis.
Conclusions:
- The eye's unique environment exposes it to ISR-activating stressors.
- The ISR is vital for ocular tissue function and development.
- Targeting the ISR may offer new treatments for ophthalmic conditions.
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