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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

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Examining the factor structure of the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire.

Komal T Shaikh1,2, Erica L Tatham1,2, Jill B Rich1,2

  • 1Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada.

Memory (Hove, England)
|January 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Aging adults often experience memory changes. The Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) supports both 3-factor and 4-factor models, clarifying how individuals manage age-related memory decline.

Keywords:
Validityconfirmatory factor analysismeasurement propertiesmetamemorysubjective memory

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Many adults report subjective memory decline with aging.
  • The Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) assesses self-reported memory, including satisfaction, ability, and strategy use.
  • Previous research shows conflicting factor structures (3 or 4 factors) for the MMQ.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the factor structure of the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) using confirmatory factor analysis.
  • To determine the best fit for the MMQ's underlying structure in older adults.
  • To reconcile differing findings in previous MMQ research.

Main Methods:

  • Confirmatory factor analyses were performed on data from 560 cognitively normal adults aged 50-90.
  • Two models (3-factor and 4-factor) of the MMQ were tested.
  • Measurement practices were employed to ensure robust evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Both the 3-factor (Satisfaction, Ability, Strategy) and 4-factor (Satisfaction, Ability, Internal Strategy, External Strategy) models of the MMQ were supported.
  • This study harmonizes previous research findings on the MMQ's factor structure.
  • The validity of distinct internal and external strategy scales was confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • The MMQ effectively measures age-related memory changes using either a 3-factor or 4-factor structure.
  • Confirmation of multiple strategy scales offers deeper insights into compensatory mechanisms used by older adults.
  • Findings enhance understanding of subjective memory experiences in aging populations.