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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
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A constant phase impedance sensor for measuring conducting liquid level.

Mohammad Zia Ur Rahman1, Omar M Aldossary2, Tarikul Islam1

  • 1Electrical Engineering Dept. F/O Engg. & Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia (University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.

ISA Transactions
|January 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel constant phase impedance sensor for accurate conducting liquid level measurement. The sensor provides stable output despite input frequency fluctuations, overcoming a key limitation in capacitive sensors.

Keywords:
Constant phase impedanceFractional orderInterfacing circuitLevel measurementResponse characteristics

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Capacitive liquid level sensors face errors due to signal frequency fluctuations affecting capacitance.
  • The double layer effect at the metal-insulator interface in polar media complicates accurate measurements.
  • Minimizing parasitic capacitances is crucial for reliable capacitive sensor design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and characterize a novel constant phase impedance sensor for measuring conducting liquid levels.
  • To address the issue of input signal frequency fluctuation in capacitive liquid level sensing.
  • To develop a simple, inexpensive, and stable sensor for liquid level measurement.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a constant phase impedance sensor utilizing the phase angle change with liquid level.
  • Characterization of sensor parameters including constant phase angle and fractional order.
  • Interfacing the sensor with a phase detection circuit for voltage signal conversion.

Main Results:

  • The novel sensor demonstrates stable output even with input frequency fluctuations.
  • Achieved significant sensitivity of 2.1°/cm for conducting liquid level changes.
  • The sensor operates effectively for liquid levels in the 0-4 cm range.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed constant phase impedance sensor offers a stable and accurate solution for conducting liquid level measurement.
  • This technology overcomes the frequency-dependent errors inherent in traditional capacitive sensors.
  • The sensor's simple fabrication and cost-effectiveness make it a practical choice for various applications.