Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 20, 2025
A Preterm Rat Model for Pain Studies
Published on: February 9, 2024
Skin-to-Skin Care by Mother vs. Father for Preterm Neonatal Pain: A Randomized Control Trial (ENVIRON Trial)
Vivek Vishwanath Shukla1,2, Anal Jitendrakumar Chaudhari1, Somashekhar Marutirao Nimbalkar1,3
1Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Gujarat, India.
Objective:
To compare skin-to-skin care (SSC) given by mother and father for preterm neonatal pain control by premature infant pain profile (PIPP) score.
Methods:
64 stable preterm (28-36 weeks gestational age) neonates born at a level-3 neonatal intensive care unit were included in the trial. Random allocation with the help of a computer-generated sequence was done. In group A, SSC was given by the mother 15 minutes before the first heel-stick, and subsequently, SSC was given by the father before the second heel-stick. In group B, the sequence of SSC provider was reversed. Blinded PIPP score assessment at 0, 1, and 5 minutes of heel-stick were done by two independent assessors using video recording.
Results:
The mean (SD) birth weight was 1665.18 (339.35) grams, and mean (SD) gestational age was 34.28 (2.24) weeks. The PIPP score at 0, 1, and 5 minutes had no statistical or clinically significant differences between both groups (PIPP score mean (SD) at 0 minute = 3.20 (1.11) vs. 3.01 (1.29), p value = 0.38; 1 minute = 8.59 (4.27) vs. 8.26 (4.08), p value = 0.66; 5 minutes = 3.79 (1.40) vs. 3.93 (1.99), p value = 0.65 in SSC by mother and father group, respectively). Furthermore, there was no statistical difference between the groups for any components of the PIPP score (all p values > 0.05). The PIPP score at 5 minutes almost attained the 0-minute level in both the groups.
Conclusion:
Father is as effective as the mother for providing skin-to-skin care for preterm neonatal pain control. This trial is registered with CTRI/2018/01/016783.
