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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells
Published on: May 11, 2020
Smoking and the patient with a complex lower limb injury
Timothy M Morris1, Fergal J Marlborough1, Richard J Montgomery1
1Orthoplastic Surgery Department, James Cook University Hospital, Marton Road, Middlesbrough, England, TS4 3BW.
Abstract:
Smoking is known to increase the risk of peri-operative complications in Orthoplastic surgery by impairing bone and wound healing. The effects of nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has been less well established. Previous reviews have examined the relationship between smoking and bone and wound healing separately. This review provides surgeons with a comprehensive and contemporaneous account of how smoking in all forms interacts with all aspects of complex lower limb trauma. We provide a guide for surgeons to refer to during the consent process to enable them to tailor information towards smokers in such a way that the patient may understand the risks involved with their surgical treatment. We update the literature with recently discovered methods of monitoring and treating the troublesome complications that occur more commonly in smokers effected by trauma.
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