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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Human olfactory dysfunction: causes and consequences.

Laura Schäfer1, Valentin A Schriever2, Ilona Croy3

  • 1Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Psychotherapie Und Psychosomatik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.

Cell and Tissue Research
|January 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory smell impairment significantly impacts quality of life, often going unnoticed until severe. This review covers causes, diagnosis, and consequences of smell loss, aiding early identification and management.

Keywords:
Olfactory impairmentSerious mental health impairmentShort- and long-term consequences

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Otolaryngology
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The sense of smell is crucial for social interaction, nutrition, and safety.
  • Olfactory dysfunction often goes undiagnosed, leading to delayed treatment and reduced quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes, prevalence, and diagnostic methods for acquired and congenital olfactory loss.
  • To examine the short- and long-term consequences of smell impairment.
  • To discuss compensation strategies, treatments, and risk factors for mental health issues.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of acquired and congenital olfactory loss.
  • Analysis of diagnostic approaches and consequences.
  • Synthesis of information on management and mental health implications.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory loss has diverse etiologies and significant impacts on well-being.
  • Late diagnosis is common, exacerbating long-term consequences.
  • Specific patient characteristics are linked to mental health decline.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection and intervention are critical for managing olfactory dysfunction.
  • Addressing the multifaceted consequences of smell loss is essential for patient care.
  • Identifying at-risk individuals can improve mental health outcomes.