Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

47.0K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
47.0K
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

10.9K
Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
10.9K
Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

10.3K
The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the...
10.3K
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

788
The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
788
Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

33.0K
Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
33.0K
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

10.5K
The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
10.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Generalizable and explainable deep learning for brain MRI: a multi-cohort evaluation of 3D architectures for age and sex prediction.

Brain informatics·2026
Same author

New neurons flatten social hierarchies.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Multidomain correlates of burnout: A population-based study using supervised machine learning.

Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology·2026
Same author

Expert Panel Consensus Guidelines of the German Society of Neuroradiology on the Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis.

Clinical neuroradiology·2026
Same author

How personality functioning shapes symptom development during and after treatment: A random intercept cross lagged panel analysis.

Comprehensive psychiatry·2026
Same author

Long-Term Effectiveness of Inpatient and Day-Hospital Treatment of Eating Disorders in Departments of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy in Germany.

European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees
13:55

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees

Published on: July 21, 2014

13.3K

Individual odor hedonic perception is coded in temporal joint network activity.

Paul Ruser1, Carina J Koeppel1, Hagen H Kitzler2

  • 1Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.

Neuroimage
|January 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Individual odor perception varies greatly. Brain connectivity, not average activation, reflects subjective smell pleasantness, involving a network crucial for defense mechanisms.

Keywords:
Behavioral immune systemFunctional connectivity analysisOlfaction

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research
06:13

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research

Published on: January 19, 2024

1.3K
New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding
10:59

New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding

Published on: June 29, 2017

9.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees
13:55

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees

Published on: July 21, 2014

13.3K
Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research
06:13

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research

Published on: January 19, 2024

1.3K
New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding
10:59

New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding

Published on: June 29, 2017

9.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory perception
  • Sensory processing

Background:

  • Human smell perception is highly individual, influenced by culture and physiology.
  • Previous fMRI studies often overlooked individual differences in olfactory hedonic coding.
  • Subject-specific olfactory stimulation is key to understanding brain responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate neuronal activity and connectivity in response to subject-specific olfactory stimuli.
  • Examine how individual pleasantness and unpleasantness of odors affect brain patterns.
  • Focus on the piriform cortex's role in processing olfactory information.

Main Methods:

  • Used fMRI with 31 participants and a block design paradigm.
  • Individually identified pleasant and unpleasant odors were used for stimulation.
  • Analyzed mean activation and functional connectivity in the piriform cortex (ROIs).

Main Results:

  • Unpleasant odors did not change mean BOLD activation in olfactory ROIs.
  • A change in functional connectivity within the right piriform cortex was observed.
  • Individual odor pleasantness was not detected by average BOLD changes.

Conclusions:

  • Subjective odor pleasantness is reflected in temporal activation patterns, not average BOLD magnitude.
  • A network involving the right piriform cortex, insular cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and precentral gyrus is implicated.
  • This network may support olfactory-based defense mechanisms and goal-directed actions.