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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots
Published on: January 13, 2023
Dennis Schönfeld1, Dilip Chalissery1, Franziska Wenz2,3
1Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
Researchers developed a novel polyester urethane (PEU) for soft robotics and programmable materials. This thermoresponsive polymer actuates upon cooling and heating, enabling applications in soft robotics and shape morphing.
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