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Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Rapid Manufacturing of Thin Soft Pneumatic Actuators and Robots
Published on: November 8, 2019
Dilip Chalissery1, Thorsten Pretsch1
1Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
Researchers used four-dimensional (4D) printing to create a thermoresponsive tool that precisely compresses shape memory polymer (SMP) foams. This novel approach enables controlled deformation of cylindrical SMPs, overcoming previous limitations in programming these advanced materials.
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