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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Longitudinal network re-organization across learning and development.

Ethan M McCormick1, Sabine Peters2, Eveline A Crone3

  • 1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain development and learning interact, not just accumulate. Experience shapes brain changes, influencing behavior differently across development, especially from adolescence to young adulthood.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The brain undergoes changes during short-term learning and long-term development.
  • The interaction between learning and development in shaping brain outcomes remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test an interactive model of learning and development against a development-as-practice model.
  • To investigate how learning, experience, and development simultaneously affect behavior and brain network modularity.

Main Methods:

  • An accelerated longitudinal study with participants aged 8-29 years over three waves.
  • Participants completed a feedback learning task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  • A novel longitudinal modeling approach was used to analyze unique and moderated effects.

Main Results:

  • Nonlinear developmental patterns were observed for both behavior and brain network modularity.
  • Increased experience correlated with enhanced learning and network modularity.
  • Brain-behavior relationships shifted during adolescent development, with network modularity predicting learning post-adolescence.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support an interactive model where brain development influences learning and behavior.
  • Developmental stage critically modulates how experience impacts cognitive and neural outcomes.
  • The brain's adaptive changes are context-dependent, guided by developmental trajectories.