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Magnesium Signaling in Plants.

Leszek A Kleczkowski¹, Abir U Igamberdiev²

¹Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, University of Umeå, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|January 28, 2021

Summary

Free magnesium (Mg2+) levels signal cellular energy status by reflecting adenylate concentrations. This magnesium signaling mechanism, driven by adenylate kinase, is vital across all organisms for metabolic regulation.

Keywords:

adenylate energy charge adenylate kinase cellular magnesium free magnesium nucleoside diphosphate kinase thermodynamic buffering

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Cellular Biology
Metabolic Regulation

Background:

Free magnesium (Mg2+) acts as a crucial intracellular signal reflecting the adenylate energy charge (ATP+ADP+AMP).
Adenylate kinase (AK) enzyme equilibrium, utilizing both Mg-chelated and Mg-free adenylates, governs intracellular free Mg2+ levels.
Membrane transporters and other nucleotide-metabolizing enzymes interact with AK to fine-tune Mg2+ and adenylate availability within cellular compartments.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the role of free magnesium (Mg2+) as a cellular energy sensor.
To describe the interplay between adenylate kinase, adenylates, and Mg2+ in regulating cellular compartments.
To highlight the broad implications of Mg2+ signaling in cellular metabolism and function.

Main Methods:

Analysis of adenylate kinase equilibrium dynamics.
Modeling of intracellular Mg2+ and adenylate concentrations.
Review of existing literature on Mg2+ and nucleotide metabolism.

Main Results:

Intracellular free Mg2+ concentration is directly linked to the adenylate energy status.
Compartmental variations in Mg2+ levels are influenced by AK equilibrium and transporter activity.
Changes in Mg2+ impact numerous Mg2+-dependent enzymes, affecting diverse metabolic processes.

Conclusions:

Magnesium signaling, mediated by adenylate kinase, is a fundamental mechanism for sensing cellular energy status.
This signaling pathway is conserved across prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
Understanding Mg2+ dynamics is critical for comprehending cellular metabolism, stress responses, and physiological processes like photosynthesis and respiration.