Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

48.4K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
48.4K
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

397
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
397
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

37.5K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
37.5K
Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

3.5K
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
3.5K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

406
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
406
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

13.5K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
13.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

HIV-1 capsid interactions with Nuclear Pore Complex components support nuclear entry via affinity gradient.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Structural and Mechanistic Basis of F227C-Mediated Hypersusceptibility to Islatravir in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Unraveling the Mechanism of HIV-1 Hypersusceptibility to Tenofovir Imparted by Islatravir Resistance Mutations.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Catching our breath: development of interventions and therapies for respiratory syncytial virus.

Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR·2026
Same author

Structural Basis of Polypurine Track Strand Displacement by HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Damaging the conical morphology of HIV-1 capsid by targeting the FG-binding pocket and disfavoring pentameric subunits needed for core closure.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

1.8K

Avoiding Drug Resistance in HIV Reverse Transcriptase.

Maria E Cilento1,2, Karen A Kirby1,2, Stefan G Sarafianos1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.

Chemical Reviews
|January 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations drive drug resistance. This review explores current and novel inhibitors and strategies to overcome resistance, aiming to reduce treatment failures.

More Related Videos

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

18.1K
An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
19:57

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

18.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

1.8K
Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

18.1K
An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
19:57

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

18.9K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Drug Discovery
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) is crucial for HIV replication and a primary target for antiretroviral therapies.
  • Viral genetic diversity leads to mutations in RT, causing resistance to existing RT inhibitors.
  • Rising drug resistance necessitates the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of HIV reverse transcriptase.
  • To discuss current and novel RT inhibitors and mechanisms of drug resistance.
  • To present strategies for overcoming drug resistance in HIV therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of HIV reverse transcriptase.
  • Analysis of current and novel RT inhibitors.
  • Examination of drug resistance mechanisms and emerging strategies.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of HIV RT structure and function.
  • Identification of key mutations conferring resistance to RT inhibitors.
  • Exploration of novel drug candidates and resistance-breaking approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding HIV RT resistance mechanisms is vital for effective drug design.
  • Implementing novel strategies can mitigate the impact of drug resistance.
  • Developing less resistance-prone drugs can improve long-term HIV treatment outcomes.