Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 19, 2025

An Intra-Tissue Radiometry Microprobe for Measuring Radiance In Situ in Living Tissue
Published on: June 2, 2023
Refractive index of biological tissues: Review, measurement techniques, and applications
Rana Khan1, Banat Gul2, Shamim Khan1
1Department of Physics, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Abstract:
Refractive index (RI) is a characteristic optical variable that controls the propagation of light in the medium (e.g., biological tissues). Basic research with the aim to investigate the RI of biological tissues is of paramount importance for biomedical optics and associated applications. Herein, we reviewed and summarized the RI data of biological tissues and the associated insights. Different techniques for the measurement of RI of biological tissues are also discussed. Moreover, several examples of the RI applications from basic research, clinics and optics industry are outlined. This study may provide a comprehensive reference for RI data of biological tissues for the biomedical research and beyond.
Related Concept Videos
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy
Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy
In optical microscopy, the specimen to be viewed is placed on a glass slide and clipped on the stage...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...

