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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

4.0K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
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Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

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Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal, such as sodium,...
10.0K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

4.0K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
4.0K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

3.7K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

23.2K
For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
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Metallization of Shock-Compressed Liquid Ammonia.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • High-Pressure Physics
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Ammonia is a key component in ice giant interiors.
  • Understanding ammonia's properties is crucial for planetary models.
  • Experimental data on ammonia at extreme conditions is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally probe the ammonia phase diagram at unprecedented pressures and temperatures.
  • To investigate the transition of ammonia from a molecular liquid to a plasma state.
  • To measure the electrical conductivity of ammonia under extreme conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic compression experiments (shock compression) up to ~350 GPa and ~40,000 K.
  • In situ temperature measurements along the Hugoniot.
  • Reflectivity measurements to probe electronic conduction.

Main Results:

  • Observed a subtle change in the temperature-pressure Hugoniot slope around 90 GPa and 7000 K, indicating a molecular liquid-to-plasma transition.
  • Provided the first experimental evidence of electronic conduction in high-pressure ammonia.
  • Measured continuously rising shock reflectance above 50 GPa, saturating above 120 GPa.

Conclusions:

  • Ammonia undergoes a significant phase transition under extreme pressures relevant to ice giants.
  • High-pressure ammonia exhibits significant electrical conductivity, exceeding that of water.
  • These findings have implications for understanding the magnetic dynamos of Uranus and Neptune.