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Related Concept Videos

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
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Shear behavior of human skull bones.

A D Brown1, K A Rafaels1, T Weerasooriya1

  • 1Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Development Command Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005, USA.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|January 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The shear-punch test (SPT) reveals bone volume fraction (BVF) is key to human skull shear strength. The diploë layer significantly influences the overall shear strength of the skull structure.

Keywords:
Bone volume fractionDiploëShear stressShear-punch testSkull failureX-ray tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Materials Science
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Limited data exists on human skull shear deformation and failure.
  • Understanding skull mechanics is crucial for developing effective protective strategies and advanced finite element models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a shear-punch test (SPT) method for assessing human skull bone shear properties.
  • To correlate bone microarchitecture, specifically bone volume fraction (BVF), with shear strength and deformation.

Main Methods:

  • 47 shear-punch test specimens were prepared from human skull bones (parietal and frontal).
  • Specimens were tested as full-thickness or segmented into cortical tables and diploë.
  • Micro-computed x-ray tomography (μCT) quantified bone volume fraction (BVF) before and after testing.
  • Digital image correlation tracked punch displacement to minimize compliance errors.

Main Results:

  • Bone volume fraction (BVF) was identified as the dominant factor influencing shear yield and ultimate strength.
  • Loading rate showed no significant impact on shear strength (p > 0.05).
  • Shear strength correlated strongly with BVF via power law relationships (R² = 0.917–0.949).

Conclusions:

  • The diploë layer plays a primary role in the shear strength of the intact human skull.
  • SPT is an effective method for characterizing skull bone shear properties.
  • Findings support the development of mechanism-based material models for skull FEA.