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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Mouse Model of Surgical Uterine Injury and Subsequent Pregnancy Outcomes
Published on: June 27, 2025
Early pregnancy loss
1Toni Jackson is an assistant professor in the PA program at Wake Forest University School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, N.C. At the time this article was written, she was an assistant professor in the PA program at High Point (N.C.) University. Elyse Watkins is an associate professor in the PA program at the University of Lynchburg in Lynchburg, Va., and an assistant clinical professor in the PA program at Florida State University in Tallahassee, Fla. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.
Abstract:
Previously called spontaneous abortion, early pregnancy loss (EPL) is the preferred term encompassing threatened abortion, incomplete abortion, complete abortion, and anembryonic pregnancy. EPL has many causes, including chromosomal abnormalities, immunologic and infectious causes, and underlying maternal risk factors. Because many patients present with first-trimester bleeding, clinicians must know the appropriate evaluation and management techniques.
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