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Measuring Subjective Sleep Quality: A Review.

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This review evaluates subjective sleep quality questionnaires, finding most have good psychometric properties. However, clearer factor models and reliable cut-offs are needed for accurate sleep assessment in clinical and research settings.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychometric evaluation of sleep quality assessment tools.
  • Clinical and research applications of sleep quality measures.

Background:

  • Poor sleep quality is a common complaint impacting daytime function and a symptom of various disorders.
  • Objective sleep measures are often impractical, necessitating reliable subjective tools.
  • Numerous self-report questionnaires exist for assessing sleep quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare the psychometric properties, construct validity, and factorial structure of widely used sleep quality questionnaires.
  • To discuss the measurement properties and clinical utility of these subjective sleep assessment tools.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search (2008-2020) in PubMed and Scopus.
  • Analysis of 49 articles from 5734 retrieved studies.
  • Evaluation of psychometric properties for Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Mini-Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ), Jenkins Sleep Scale (JSS), Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ), SLEEP-50, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).

Main Results:

  • PSQI shows good reliability and validity but varied factorial structures. Sleep disorder scales (AIS, ISI, MSQ, JSS, LSEQ, SLEEP-50) generally have good properties, though some have complex factor models or are lengthy for research.
  • MSQ and JSS are easy to use but require further validation. ESS demonstrates good consistency and validity but faces challenges in factorial structure and cut-off determination.
  • Overall, subjective questionnaires exhibit strong internal consistency, reliability, and validity, but inconsistencies in factorial models and lack of defined cut-offs limit precise discrimination.

Conclusions:

  • Self-report sleep quality questionnaires generally possess good psychometric properties, including reliability and validity.
  • Variations in factorial structures and the need for standardized cut-off values are key limitations.
  • Further research should focus on defining clear factor models and establishing reliable cut-offs for improved clinical and research application.