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Related Concept Videos

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 18, 2025

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
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Age differences in functional network reconfiguration with working memory training.

Alexandru D Iordan1, Kyle D Moored2, Benjamin Katz3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Human Brain Mapping
|February 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive training improved working memory (WM) in both age groups. However, younger adults showed increased network segregation, while older adults exhibited enhanced global integration, indicating different age-related brain network reorganization.

Keywords:
Sternberg taskcingulo-opercular networkglobal efficiencygraph theoryintrinsic activityparticipation coefficienttask-related connectivity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Working memory (WM) relies on brain network communication and modularity.
  • Aging may disrupt the balance between network integration and modularity.
  • Cognitive training's impact on these network dynamics across age groups is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how verbal WM training affects functional brain network integration and modularity in younger and older adults.
  • To compare age-related differences in network reorganization following cognitive training.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-three younger and 23 older adults underwent 10 days of verbal WM training.
  • Functional network integration and modularity were assessed before and after training.
  • Changes in network properties, including default-mode, salience/sensorimotor, frontoparietal, and visual networks, were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Both age groups showed performance gains in WM after training.
  • Older adults had lower overall modularity and a larger rest-task decrease compared to younger adults.
  • Younger adults increased task-related modularity with training; older adults did not.
  • Training led to decreased default-mode network participation in younger adults but enhanced salience/sensorimotor network efficiency in older adults.
  • Younger adults increased segregation between networks; older adults showed diffuse increases in between-network connectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive training promotes network segregation in younger adults, suggesting more automated processing.
  • Older adults may amplify a more integrated, costly global workspace, indicating distinct age-related trajectories in functional network reorganization.
  • These findings highlight age-specific adaptations in brain network dynamics following cognitive intervention.