Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique
Published on: July 15, 2021
Peter R Swiatek1, Michael H McCarthy2, Joseph Weiner1
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Intraoperative 3-dimensional navigation (ION) enhances minimally invasive spine surgery like LLIF and OLIF by improving accuracy and efficiency. While ION offers benefits, patient radiation exposure remains a controversial topic requiring further research.
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