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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice
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COHESION: core outcomes in neonatal encephalopathy (protocol).

Fiona A Quirke1,2,3, Patricia Healy4,5, Elaine Ní Bhraonáin6

  • 1Health Research Board Neonatal Encephalopathy PhD Training Network (NEPTuNE), Galway, Ireland. f.quirke1@nuigalway.ie.

Trials
|February 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing a standardized core outcome set (COS) for neonatal encephalopathy treatments will improve research consistency. This will enhance evidence synthesis and lead to better identification of effective interventions for affected infants.

Keywords:
Core outcome setDelphiHigh-income countriesLow- to middle-income countriesNeonatal encephalopathyOutcomesPPIReal-time Delphi

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal medicine
  • Clinical trial methodology
  • Evidence-based practice

Background:

  • Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a critical condition in infants, often caused by oxygen deprivation, leading to severe neurological impairments.
  • Current treatment options for NE are limited, with therapeutic hypothermia being primary, and research evaluations are hindered by inconsistent outcome reporting.
  • Developing a standardized core outcome set (COS) is crucial for consistent evaluation of NE interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a core outcome set (COS) for standardizing outcome measurement and reporting in clinical trials for neonatal encephalopathy (NE) interventions.
  • To improve the quality of evidence synthesis and systematic reviews for NE treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review to identify previously reported outcomes in NE trials.
  • Interviews with parents/caregivers globally to identify outcomes important to them.
  • Online Delphi surveys and consensus meetings with international stakeholders (parents, healthcare providers, researchers) to determine the final COS.

Main Results:

  • The study outlines a comprehensive methodology for developing a COS for neonatal encephalopathy.
  • It involves a multi-stakeholder, international approach to ensure relevance and consensus.

Conclusions:

  • Standardizing outcome measures through a COS will reduce research heterogeneity in neonatal encephalopathy.
  • This will improve evidence synthesis, facilitate identification of effective treatments, and ultimately enhance patient care for infants with NE.