China's city-level carbon emissions during 1992-2017 based on the inter-calibration of nighttime light data

Accurate, long-term, full-coverage carbon dioxide (CO₂) data in units of prefecture-level cities are necessary for evaluations of CO₂ emission reductions in China, which has become one of the world's largest carbon-emitting countries. This study develops a novel method to match satellite-based Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Landscan System (DMSP/OLS) and Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership's Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP/VIIRS) nighttime light data, and estimates the CO₂ emissions of 334 prefecture-level cities in China from 1992 to 2017. Results indicated that the eastern and coastal regions had higher carbon emissions, but their carbon intensity decreased more rapidly than other regions. Compared to previous studies, we provide the most extensive and long-term CO₂ dataset to date, and these data will be of great value for further socioeconomic research. Specifically, this dataset provides a foundational data source for China's future CO₂ research and emission reduction strategies. Additionally, the methodology can be applied to other regions around the world.