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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

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Life Without Thyroid Hormone Receptor.

Yun-Bo Shi1

  • 1Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

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|February 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are essential for amphibian metamorphosis, but gene knockouts reveal they are not required for most transformations. TRs play a complex role in balancing development and tissue regression during postembryonic growth.

Keywords:
Xenopus laevisXenopus tropicalisadult stem cellsamphibian metamorphosishistone modificationthyroid hormone receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Comparative Physiology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (T3) is crucial for adult metabolism and organ function.
  • T3 also plays a vital role in postembryonic development, particularly in mammals during the neonatal period.
  • Anuran metamorphosis is a T3-driven process that profoundly impacts all organs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the necessity and sufficiency of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in mediating T3's effects during anuran metamorphosis.
  • To understand the role of TRs in regulating organ development and tissue remodeling during postembryonic development.
  • To compare TR functions in amphibians with findings in mammalian models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized gene knockout studies with gene-editing technologies in Xenopus tropicalis.
  • Analyzed organ-specific changes in tadpoles lacking TRs.
  • Compared findings with existing data from TR knockout mice studies.

Main Results:

  • TRs were found to be surprisingly dispensable for most metamorphic transformations in Xenopus.
  • Tadpoles lacking TRs exhibited stalled metamorphosis and eventual lethality.
  • TR absence led to premature adult tissue development and prevented tadpole tissue degeneration.

Conclusions:

  • TRs are not strictly required for anuran metamorphosis but are essential for its completion.
  • TRs regulate the balance between adult tissue development and larval tissue resorption.
  • Comparative analysis suggests conserved and divergent roles of TRs across vertebrate development.