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Plant Tissues

Plant Tissues

Plants are multicellular eukaryotes with tissue systems made of various cell types that carry out specific functions. Different tissues work together to perform a unique function and form an organ. Organs working together form organ systems. Vascular plants have two distinct organ systems: a shoot system and a root system. The shoot system consists of two portions: the vegetative (non-reproductive) parts of the plant, such as the leaves and the stems, and the reproductive parts of the plant,...

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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

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Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.

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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue.
Anchoring junctions mechanically attach a cell to the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Use of Atomic Force Microscopy to Measure Mechanical Properties and Turgor Pressure of Plant Cells and Plant Tissues

Use of Atomic Force Microscopy to Measure Mechanical Properties and Turgor Pressure of Plant Cells and Plant Tissues

Published on: July 15, 2019

How Mechanical Forces Shape Plant Organs.

Duy-Chi Trinh¹, Juan Alonso-Serra², Mariko Asaoka²

¹Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; Department of Pharmacological, Medical and Agronomical Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Current Biology : CB

|February 9, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Plant organ shapes are actively maintained by mechanical feedback, primarily turgor pressure. This mechanical signaling guides morphogenesis, influencing cell wall reinforcement and complex organ structures.

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Biophysics
Developmental Biology

Background:

Organogenesis involves genetic regulation, but mechanical forces are increasingly recognized as key drivers.
Plant cells, connected via cell walls, transmit mechanical signals through turgor pressure and water flux.
Mechanical signals influence cellular responses, such as cell wall reinforcement, to manage stress.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of mechanical forces as instructive signals in plant organ morphogenesis.
To demonstrate how elemental shapes (spheres, cylinders, lamina) are actively maintained by mechanical feedback.
To explore how mechanical conflicts contribute to complex organ features like folds and growth arrest.

Main Methods:

Analysis of mechanical feedback mechanisms in plant organ development.
Modeling of how turgor pressure and cell wall properties influence organ shape.
Investigation of mechanical conflicts at domain boundaries affecting growth and form.

Main Results:

Three elemental shapes (spheres, cylinders, lamina) are actively maintained by mechanical feedback.
Combinations of these elemental shapes can generate complex plant organ structures.
Mechanical conflicts at growth domain boundaries lead to folds, shape reproducibility, and growth arrest.

Conclusions:

Mechanical signals, originating from turgor pressure, are crucial for plant organ morphogenesis.
A mechanical feedback system actively maintains basic and complex organ shapes.
Integrating mechanical and molecular signaling pathways offers new avenues for understanding plant development and identity.