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Related Concept Videos

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Cell Population Analyses During Skin Carcinogenesis
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Exploring Human Skin Aging at the Single-Cell Level.

Mary Mohrin1, Heinrich Jasper1

  • 1Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.

Developmental Cell
|February 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human skin aging shows photo- and inflammation-related changes by middle age. Restoring youthful KLF6 and HES1 gene expression may reverse some age-associated skin alterations.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Dermatology
  • Aging research

Background:

  • Human skin aging is a complex process.
  • Previous research has focused on macroscopic changes.
  • Single-cell analysis offers deeper insights into aging mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate human skin aging at the single-cell level.
  • To identify molecular changes associated with skin aging.
  • To explore potential interventions for age-related skin alterations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of eyelid skin samples.
  • Single-cell RNA sequencing.
  • Gene expression profiling.

Main Results:

  • Identification of photo- and inflammation-related molecular changes in middle-aged skin.
  • Discovery of age-associated alterations in KLF6 and HES1 gene expression.
  • Evidence suggesting KLF6 and HES1 play roles in skin aging.

Conclusions:

  • Single-cell analysis reveals early molecular drivers of skin aging.
  • KLF6 and HES1 are key regulators of age-associated skin changes.
  • Targeting KLF6 and HES1 expression may offer therapeutic strategies for skin rejuvenation.