Metal-organic frameworks for therapeutic gas delivery

Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) are gaseous signaling molecules (gasotransmitters) that regulate both physiological and pathological processes and offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of many diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, bacterial and viral infections. However, the inherent labile nature of therapeutic gases results in difficulties in direct gases administration and their controlled delivery at clinically relevant ranges. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with highly porous, stable, and easy-to-tailor properties have shown promising therapeutic gas delivery potential. Herein, we highlight the recent advances of MOF-based platforms for therapeutic gas delivery, either by endogenous (i.e., direct transfer of gases to targets) or exogenous (i.e., stimulating triggered release of gases) means. Reports that involve in vitro and/or in vivo studies are highlighted due to their high potential for clinical translation. Current challenges for clinical requirements and possible future innovative designs to meet variable healthcare needs are discussed.