Id3 and Bcl6 Promote the Development of Long-Term Immune Memory Induced by Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine

Long-lived memory cell formation and maintenance are usually regulated by cytokines and transcriptional factors. Adjuvant effects of IL-7 have been studied in the vaccines of influenza and other pathogens. However, few studies investigated the adjuvant effects of cytokines and transcriptional factors in prolonging the immune memory induced by a tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccine. To address this research gap, mice were treated with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) subunit vaccine Mtb10.4-HspX (MH) plus ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64_<190-198>-Mtb8.4-Rv2626c (LT70), together with adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-7 or lentivirus-mediated transcriptional factor Id3, Bcl6, Bach2, and Blimp1 at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively. Immune responses induced by the vaccine were examined at 25 weeks after last immunization. The results showed that adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-7 allowed the TB subunit vaccine to induce the formation of long-lived memory T cells. Meanwhile, IL-7 increased the expression of Id3, Bcl6, and bach2-the three key transcription factors for the generation of long-lived memory T cells. The adjuvant effects of transcriptional factors, together with TB fusion protein MH/LT70 vaccination, showed that both Bcl6 and Id3 increased the production of antigen-specific antibodies and long-lived memory T cells, characterized by high proliferative potential of antigen-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, and IFN-γ secretion in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, respectively, after re-exposure to the same antigen. Overall, our study suggests that IL-7 and transcriptional factors Id3 and Bcl6 help the TB subunit vaccine to induce long-term immune memory, which contributes to providing immune protection against M. tuberculosis infection.