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Related Concept Videos

Power System Distribution01:25

Power System Distribution

864
Power system distribution involves delivering electrical energy from power plants to consumers through a network of transmission and distribution systems. The process begins at power plants, where energy from coal, gas, nuclear, water, and wind is converted into electrical energy. These plants use three-phase generators, typically rated between 50 to 1300 MVA, with terminal voltages ranging from a few kV to 20 kV, depending on the size and age of the units.
The transmission system is designed...
864
Secondary Distribution01:25

Secondary Distribution

425
Secondary distribution systems provide electrical energy at the utilization voltage levels from distribution transformers to customer meters. Typical secondary voltages in the United States include 120/240 V for residential use, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial use, and 480Y/277 V for industrial and high-rise commercial use.
In residential areas, 120/240 V single-phase, three-wire service is commonly used for lighting, outlets, and large appliances. Urban areas with high-density loads...
425
Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow01:24

Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow

421
The fast decoupled power flow method addresses contingencies in power system operations, such as generator outages or transmission line failures. This method provides quick power flow solutions, essential for real-time system adjustments. Fast decoupled power flow algorithms simplify the Jacobian matrix by neglecting certain elements, leading to two sets of decoupled equations:
421
Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

218
Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
218
Maximum Power Transfer01:16

Maximum Power Transfer

631
Numerous practical applications within engineering disciplines, such as telecommunications, necessitate optimizing power delivery to a connected load. This pursuit, however, entails inherent internal losses, which can either equal or exceed the power supplied to the load. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is helpful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load. It is assumed in this context that the load resistance can be adjusted.
By substituting the entire circuit with...
631
Load-frequency control01:28

Load-frequency control

336
Load-frequency control (LFC) is vital for maintaining power system stability, ensuring that frequency and power flows remain within acceptable limits during load changes. Turbine-governor control eliminates rotor accelerations and decelerations following load changes. However, a steady-state frequency error persists when the change in the turbine-governor reference setting is zero. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through...
336

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Turning Base Transceiver Stations into Scalable and Controllable DC Microgrids Based on a Smart Sensing Strategy.

Miguel Tradacete1, Carlos Santos2, José A Jiménez1

  • 1Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 12, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study transforms Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) into DC microgrids using an energy management system (EMS). The system optimizes battery storage and solar power, achieving significant annual savings in the Spanish electricity market.

Keywords:
IEC61850 standardbase transceiver stations (BTS)embedded systems for Internet of Things (IoT)energy management systems (EMS)green communicationsmicrogridmonitoring and control systemsphotovoltaic distributed generation

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Renewable Energy Systems
  • Smart Grids

Background:

  • Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) represent a significant energy load.
  • Integrating renewable energy sources and storage into BTS infrastructure is crucial for efficiency.
  • Existing BTSs offer potential for transformation into distributed energy resources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a practical method for converting BTSs into controllable DC microgrids.
  • To design an energy management system (EMS) for maximizing economic benefits through optimized energy usage.
  • To validate the system's performance under real-world conditions and varying weather patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of an EMS for managing Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) and photovoltaic (PV) generation.
  • Utilization of a smart sensing strategy for collecting real-time energy, environmental, and operational data.
  • Development of a flexible and low-cost hardware/software architecture for system integration.

Main Results:

  • Achieved annual savings of 16.8 euros/kW of installed battery power in the Spanish electricity market.
  • Demonstrated the system's applicability to both new and existing BTS installations.
  • Validated the integrated system through pilot plant tests under diverse weather conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed approach offers a viable strategy for transforming BTSs into economically beneficial DC microgrids.
  • The EMS effectively manages BESS, PV generation, and load shedding for cost optimization.
  • The flexible and scalable architecture supports integration with existing grid infrastructure and smart metering.