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Instrumentation Amplifier01:25

Instrumentation Amplifier

841
An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
To overcome this challenge, an ECG machine utilizes an instrumentation amplifier. This specialized amplifier is...
841
Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

4.6K
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
4.6K
Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

1.1K
Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
1.1K
ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

8.7K
An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice
06:07

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Published on: May 23, 2021

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Area efficient folded undecimator based ECG detector.

A Uma1, P Kalpana2

  • 1PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. umavithy22@yahoo.com.

Scientific Reports
|February 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an area-efficient Electrocardiogram (ECG) detector for pacemakers using a folded wavelet filter. The novel design significantly reduces hardware, achieving high accuracy in detecting cardiac events.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Digital Signal Processing
  • Integrated Circuit Design

Background:

  • Cardiac pacemakers require efficient Electrocardiogram (ECG) detection systems.
  • Existing ECG detectors often face challenges with hardware area and power consumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an area-efficient, folded wavelet filter-based ECG detector for cardiac pacemakers.
  • To reduce silicon area and improve performance of the Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) block.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a modified folded undecimator ECG detector incorporating a Wavelet Filter Bank, QRS complex detector with a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) block, and noise detector.
  • Applied high-level transformation techniques, including folding transformation and Cutset retiming, to the GLRT block for hardware optimization.
  • Synthesized the folded GLRT block architecture using an FPGA Zed board (XC7Z010CLG484-1).

Main Results:

  • The modified folded ECG detector achieved high performance metrics: 99.95% sensitivity, 99.97% positive prediction, and a Detection Error Rate (DER) of 0.061.
  • Demonstrated significant hardware savings compared to conventional structures.
  • The synthesized design showed reduced device utilization and power consumption on the FPGA.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed folded wavelet filter-based ECG detector offers a compelling solution for area-efficient pacemaker design.
  • The applied folding transformation and Cutset retiming effectively minimize hardware requirements.
  • The detector meets the stringent performance demands for reliable cardiac monitoring in pacemakers.