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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
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The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...
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Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

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The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
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Steel Manufacturing01:26

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Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
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Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Updated: Nov 17, 2025

The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability
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Iron Fortification Practices and Implications for Iron Addition to Salt.

Richard F Hurrell1

  • 1Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

The Journal of Nutrition
|February 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This article reviews iron fortification, focusing on double-fortified salt (DFS) with iodine and iron. It covers factors influencing iron absorption and efficacy for public health interventions against iron deficiency anemia.

Keywords:
iron bioavailabilityiron fortificationiron fortification compoundsiron fortification technologiesiron fortification vehiclessensory changes

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health Nutrition
  • Food Science and Technology

Background:

  • Reviews the causes and consequences of iron deficiency and anemia.
  • Introduces double-fortified salt (DFS) as a public health intervention strategy.

Discussion:

  • Examines factors influencing iron absorption, including dietary and physiological aspects.
  • Discusses the selection of iron compounds and fortification technologies to optimize absorption and prevent sensory changes.
  • Explores the use of encapsulation and absorption enhancers to improve iron bioavailability.

Key Insights:

  • Highlights the importance of estimating appropriate fortification levels based on iron requirements and consumption patterns.
  • Stresses the need for reliable iron status biomarkers to assess the effectiveness of iron-fortified foods.
  • Compares the efficacy of DFS with other common iron-fortified staple foods.

Outlook:

  • Provides evidence to guide policymakers on using DFS for iron deficiency anemia and iodine deficiency.
  • Emphasizes the dual benefit of DFS in addressing both micronutrient deficiencies simultaneously.