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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Window on a Microworld: Simple Microfluidic Systems for Studying Microbial Transport in Porous Media
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Microbial Flow Within an Air-Phyllosphere-Soil Continuum.

Shu-Yi-Dan Zhou1,2, Hu Li1,2,3, Madeline Giles4

  • 1Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|February 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Microbial communities on plant leaves (phyllosphere) are influenced by air and soil microbes. This study found limited direct contributions from airborne and soil microbes to the phyllosphere, with soil microbes indirectly affecting leaf communities.

Keywords:
airborne microbial communityleaf microbiotamicrocosmphyllospheresource tracking

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Area of Science:

  • Microbial ecology
  • Plant-microbe interactions
  • Environmental microbiology

Background:

  • The phyllosphere harbors diverse microorganisms, with air and soil microbes considered potential sources.
  • The exact contribution of these environmental sources to phyllosphere microbial communities remains unclear.
  • Understanding microbial source-to-sink dynamics is crucial for plant health and ecosystem function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contribution of airborne and soil microbes to phyllosphere microbial communities.
  • To control microbial movement along the air-phyllosphere-soil continuum using a novel microcosm system.
  • To identify the primary sources of phyllosphere microbes in controlled environments.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a dual-chambered equipment to control airflow and microbial exchange.
  • Cultivation of *Allium schoenoprasum* (chive) and *Sonchus oleraceus* (sow thistle) in controlled chambers.
  • Characterization of microbial communities in air, phyllosphere, and soil samples using molecular techniques and microbial source tracking (FEAST).

Main Results:

  • Microbial Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) suggested interconnectedness within the air-phyllosphere-soil system.
  • Fast Expectation-Maximization microbial Source Tracking (FEAST) identified soil as the primary source of airborne microbes.
  • Airborne and soil microbes showed limited direct contribution to the phyllosphere communities of both plant species.
  • Soilborne microbes were the sole environmental source to the phyllosphere in the filtered air chamber, indirectly influencing microbial composition via airflow.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates that direct contributions of airborne and soil microbes to the phyllosphere may be limited under controlled conditions.
  • Soil microbes can indirectly influence phyllosphere microbial communities through air dispersal.
  • The developed microcosm system offers a strategy for studying and potentially manipulating phyllosphere microbial recruitment.