Percutaneous Spine Biopsy: A Review of the Current Literature

Spine lesions are often the result of pathologic processes elsewhere in the body; prompt and accurate diagnosis are crucial to optimize treatment. Despite modern advances in imaging modalities, definitive diagnosis ultimately requires biopsy and histologic analysis. Although open surgical biopsy has traditionally been considered the benchmark, percutaneous image-guided needle biopsy of the spine has proven to be a safe and highly effective method in making a diagnosis. Choosing the optimal biopsy approach, instrumentation and modality of image guidance may depend on a number of factors including lesion type, location, and level within the spine. Knowledge of relevant anatomy, indications, contraindications, and potential complications are critical to a successful biopsy procedure.