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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features....
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The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
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RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

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RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
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Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

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In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins
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Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins

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Structured sequences emerge from random pool when replicated by templated ligation.

Patrick W Kudella1, Alexei V Tkachenko2, Annalena Salditt1

  • 1Systems Biophysics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwigs-Maximilian-Universität München, 80799 Munich, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emergence of structure from randomness is key to the origin of life. Templated ligation of random sequences created long, structured, nonrandom sequences, a promising start for RNA world evolution.

Keywords:
DNA replicationDarwinian evolutionorigin of lifesequence entropytemplated ligation

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 17, 2025

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Rapid, Enzymatic Methods for Amplification of Minimal, Linear Templates for Protein Prototyping using Cell-Free Systems
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Area of Science:

  • Origin of life studies
  • Biochemistry
  • Systems chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding how biological structure arises from random chemical components is a central question in origin of life research.
  • Eigen's theory of replication highlights the need for high fidelity to maintain sequence information against errors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if templated ligation of random oligonucleotides can generate structured sequences.
  • To explore the potential of such a process as a precursor to Darwinian evolution in an RNA world.

Main Methods:

  • Enzymatic ligation of 12-mer oligonucleotides from a random sequence pool under thermal cycling.
  • Analysis of product strand sequences, entropy, and pattern development.
  • Computational modeling to explain sequence patterns.

Main Results:

  • Robust formation of long, highly structured sequences with low entropy from random inputs.
  • Development of complementary and alternating patterns at ligation sites.
  • Emergence of A-rich or T-rich regions between ligation sites, likely due to hairpin avoidance.
  • Formation of a complementary sequence network acting as templates and substrates.
  • Identification of a few majority sequences capable of restarting the reaction.

Conclusions:

  • Random templated ligation can lead to the spontaneous emergence of highly structured, nonrandom sequence pools.
  • This process provides a favorable foundation for subsequent Darwinian evolution of functions, such as catalysis.
  • The findings offer a potential pathway for structure generation in early chemical evolution scenarios.