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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
553
Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport01:24

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

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Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

601
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro01:16

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro

452
In vitro experiments are crucial for understanding the transport and absorption of drugs through biological materials. These studies employ varied methods such as the diffusion cell method, the everted sac technique, and the everted ring technique.
The diffusion cell method uses a two-compartment cell, including a donor compartment with the drug solution, which simulates the environment where the drug is applied, and a receptor compartment with a buffer solution, which simulates the environment...
452
Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

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Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Cell Squeezing as a Robust, Microfluidic Intracellular Delivery Platform
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Cell Squeezing as a Robust, Microfluidic Intracellular Delivery Platform

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A Comprehensive Review on Intracellular Delivery.

Dorsa Morshedi Rad1,2, Maryam Alsadat Rad1,2, Sajad Razavi Bazaz1,2

  • 1School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|February 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Micro- and nanoengineered platforms offer superior intracellular delivery compared to conventional methods. These advanced systems enhance cell viability and precision for applications in gene editing, therapy, and biomanufacturing.

Keywords:
cell-based therapygenome editingintracellular cargo deliverymicro- and nanotechnologyplasma membrane permeabilization

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Experimental Quantification of Interactions Between Drug Delivery Systems and Cells In Vitro: A Guide for Preclinical Nanomedicine Evaluation
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Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models
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Experimental Quantification of Interactions Between Drug Delivery Systems and Cells In Vitro: A Guide for Preclinical Nanomedicine Evaluation
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Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models
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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Intracellular delivery is crucial for cell-based therapy, genome editing, and biomanufacturing.
  • Conventional macroscale delivery methods face challenges like low cell viability and cytotoxicity.
  • Advances in microfluidics and nanotechnology have spurred the development of novel intracellular delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and differentiate macro-, micro-, and nanoengineered approaches for intracellular delivery.
  • To highlight the progress and potential of micro- and nanoengineered platforms.
  • To summarize applications, challenges, and future perspectives in intracellular delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of macroengineered delivery platforms by carrier- or membrane-disruption mechanisms.
  • Emphasis on micro- and nanoengineered advances for biomolecule delivery.
  • Review of established and emerging delivery approaches, including their applications and challenges.

Main Results:

  • Micro- and nanoengineered platforms demonstrate high efficiency and precision for diverse cargo delivery.
  • These advanced systems overcome limitations of conventional methods, improving cell viability.
  • A comprehensive overview of different delivery strategies and their comparative advantages is presented.

Conclusions:

  • Micro- and nanoengineered approaches represent the future of intracellular delivery.
  • Continued innovation in these platforms promises enhanced capabilities for various biological and medical applications.
  • Further research is needed to fully realize the potential of these advanced delivery systems.