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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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Adjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma.

Daniel Thomas1, Danielle M Bello1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.

Journal of Surgical Oncology
|February 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surgical resection cures early cutaneous melanoma, but some patients relapse. Adjuvant immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors improves recurrence-free survival for node-positive melanoma patients at high risk.

Keywords:
Stage IIIadjuvant therapyimmunotherapymelanomatargeted therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Surgical resection is the primary curative treatment for early cutaneous melanoma.
  • A subset of patients experience disease recurrence despite initial surgical treatment.
  • High-risk features and lymph node metastasis identify patients with increased risk of melanoma recurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of adjuvant immunotherapy in preventing recurrence of cutaneous melanoma.
  • To focus on checkpoint inhibitors as a treatment modality for node-positive melanoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data on adjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma.
  • Analysis of recurrence-free survival rates in patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors.
  • Evaluation of high-risk features associated with melanoma recurrence.

Main Results:

  • Checkpoint inhibitors (ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab) have demonstrated improved recurrence-free survival.
  • Adjuvant immunotherapy is effective in the adjuvant setting for node-positive melanoma.
  • Identification of patient subsets at higher risk for recurrent disease.

Conclusions:

  • Adjuvant immunotherapy represents a significant advancement in managing node-positive cutaneous melanoma.
  • Checkpoint inhibitors offer a promising strategy to reduce recurrence in high-risk melanoma patients post-surgery.
  • Further research into optimizing adjuvant immunotherapy is warranted.