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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Evaluating Usability Aspects of a Mixed Reality Solution for Immersive Analytics in Industry 4.0 Scenarios
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Testing the Construct Validity and Responsiveness of the Single-Item Presenteeism Question.

Kenji Muramatsu1, Kyoko Nakao, Hiroo Ide

  • 1Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
|February 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The single-item presenteeism question (SPQ) accurately measures presenteeism and responds to changes in workplace factors. This validated instrument can aid in managing workplace health and productivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Psychometrics
  • Workplace Productivity Research

Background:

  • Presenteeism, working while unwell, negatively impacts productivity and health.
  • Existing measures of presenteeism can be lengthy and burdensome.
  • A concise instrument is needed to assess presenteeism effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the construct validity and responsiveness of the single-item presenteeism question (SPQ).
  • To determine if the SPQ can reliably capture changes in presenteeism related to workplace factors.

Main Methods:

  • Two cross-sectional surveys were administered to 1021 employees across 24 companies.
  • Data collected included the SPQ, presenteeism predictors (health risks, work engagement, social capital), and absenteeism.
  • Responsiveness was assessed by examining associations between changes in predictors and SPQ scores over time.

Main Results:

  • The SPQ demonstrated significant associations with recognized predictors of presenteeism, supporting its construct validity.
  • Changes in predictors, such as increased health risks or decreased work engagement, were associated with increased SPQ scores, indicating responsiveness.
  • The SPQ effectively captured variations in presenteeism linked to workplace dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The single-item presenteeism question (SPQ) is a valid and responsive measure of absolute presenteeism.
  • The SPQ is a practical tool for workplace health and productivity management.
  • This instrument can facilitate research and interventions aimed at reducing presenteeism and improving employee well-being.