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Related Concept Videos

Shearing Strain01:20

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The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses01:20

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As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Dislocation-mediated shear amorphization in boron carbide.

Kolan Madhav Reddy1, Dezhou Guo2, Shuangxi Song1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Science Advances
|February 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stress-induced amorphization in superhard materials like boron carbide is clarified. Dislocation nucleation initiates shear amorphization, explaining material failure mechanisms under high pressure.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Superhard materials often fail due to stress-induced amorphization.
  • The precise mechanisms driving this structural evolution are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the onset of shear amorphization in single-crystal boron carbide.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of stress-induced structural changes in superhard materials.

Main Methods:

  • Nanoindentation experiments to measure mechanical response.
  • Transmission electron microscopy for structural analysis.
  • Stochastic analysis of pop-in events in load-displacement curves.

Main Results:

  • Pop-in events in nanoindentation are linked to the formation of amorphous bands via shear amorphization.
  • Shear amorphization exhibits a small activation volume, slow nucleation rate, and low activation energy.
  • Dislocation nucleation was identified as the initiator of this high-pressure structural transition.

Conclusions:

  • Dislocation-mediated amorphization is a key mechanism in the failure of boron carbide.
  • This finding provides critical insights into the failure of superhard materials below theoretical strengths.