Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

257
Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
257
Sampling Continuous Time Signal01:11

Sampling Continuous Time Signal

517
In signal processing, a continuous-time signal can be sampled using an impulse-train sampling technique, followed by the zero-order hold method. Impulse-train sampling involves the use of a periodic impulse train, which consists of a series of delta functions spaced at regular intervals determined by the sampling period. When a continuous-time signal is multiplied by this impulse train, it generates impulses with amplitudes corresponding to the signal's values at the sampling points.
In the...
517
Second Order systems I01:20

Second Order systems I

348
A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...
348
Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

258
In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
258
Sampling Methods: Overview01:06

Sampling Methods: Overview

1.1K
A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
In analytical chemistry, the choice of...
1.1K
Actor-Observer Effect01:23

Actor-Observer Effect

120
The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in...
120

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

COX-2 inhibition improves immune system homeostasis and decreases liver damage in septic rats.

The Journal of surgical research·2009
Same author

Mass spectral characterization of organophosphate-labeled, tyrosine-containing peptides: characteristic mass fragments and a new binding motif for organophosphates.

Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences·2009
Same author

3D-SURFER: software for high-throughput protein surface comparison and analysis.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)·2009
Same author

Total arch replacement with stented elephant trunk technique: a proposed treatment for complicated Stanford type B aortic dissection.

Journal of cardiac surgery·2009
Same author

Top-emitting white organic light-emitting devices with a one-dimensional metallic-dielectric photonic crystal anode.

Optics letters·2009
Same author

[Detection of tick and tick-borne pathogen in some ports of Inner Mongolia].

Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi·2009

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
11:54

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

4.9K

Consensus for Second-Order Multiagent Systems Under Two Types of Sampling Mechanisms: A Time-Varying Gain Observer

Bin Li, Xinchun Jia, Xiaobo Chi

    IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics
    |February 18, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed new observers for multiagent systems (MASs) to achieve consensus using only position data. Time-varying gains improve convergence under synchronous and asynchronous sampling, enabling flexible agent communication for consensus tasks.

    More Related Videos

    An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces
    10:51

    An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

    Published on: March 10, 2011

    14.0K
    Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques
    09:01

    Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

    Published on: April 4, 2017

    8.9K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Nov 17, 2025

    Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
    11:54

    Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

    Published on: May 8, 2021

    4.9K
    An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces
    10:51

    An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

    Published on: March 10, 2011

    14.0K
    Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques
    09:01

    Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

    Published on: April 4, 2017

    8.9K

    Area of Science:

    • Control Theory
    • Robotics
    • Networked Systems

    Background:

    • Achieving consensus in multiagent systems (MASs) is crucial for coordinated behavior.
    • Directed communication topologies and limited information exchange pose challenges.
    • Observer-based approaches are vital for estimating agent states.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop novel continuous-discrete-time observers for second-order MASs.
    • To enable consensus under synchronous nonuniform sampling (SNS) and asynchronous nonuniform sampling (ANS) mechanisms.
    • To propose a design method allowing lower-cost observers for consensus tasks.

    Main Methods:

    • Introduction of time-varying gains into observers.
    • Design of two types of continuous-discrete-time observers.
    • Development of consensus protocols requiring only sampled position information.

    Main Results:

    • Consensus conditions derived for SNS and ANS mechanisms.
    • Demonstrated improvement in observer convergence using time-varying gains.
    • Achieved consensus with asynchronous and aperiodic sampling under ANS.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed observers effectively achieve consensus in second-order MASs.
    • Time-varying gains enhance observer performance and convergence speed.
    • The method allows flexible, lower-cost consensus protocols adaptable to agent-specific sampling needs.