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Catenins are characterized by multiple binding domains and dynamic structures that allow them to function as linker proteins in cell junction complexes. All catenins, except α-catenin, contain a characteristic protein sequence called the armadillo repeat and are therefore also called armadillo proteins.
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The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which...
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Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Cell and Tissue Engineering for Tendon Repair
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Tenascin-W: Discovery, Evolution, and Future Prospects.

Martin Degen1, Arnaud Scherberich2, Richard P Tucker3

  • 1Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Immunology
|February 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tenascin-W, a protein found in bone and stem cell niches, is the most recently evolved tenascin. Its role in bone formation and cancer warrants further investigation for therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
cell adhesioncell differentiationcell migrationextracellular matrixphylogeny

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Tenascin-W is one of four tenascins in bony fish and tetrapods, but it remains the least understood.
  • Initially identified in zebrafish and later misidentified as tenascin-N in mice, tenascin-W has a distinct evolutionary origin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the function and significance of tenascin-W.
  • To highlight the evolutionary context of tenascin-W and its potential implications.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis to determine the evolutionary history of tenascin-W.
  • Expression pattern analysis in developing and mature bone, stem cell niches, and tumor stroma.

Main Results:

  • Tenascin-W is the most recently evolved tenascin, first appearing in bony fishes.
  • Expression is primarily observed in developing and mature bone, specific stem cell niches, and the stroma of various solid tumors.

Conclusions:

  • The evolutionary timeline and expression patterns of tenascin-W suggest critical roles in bone formation.
  • Further research into tenascin-W is recommended for understanding stem cell biology and developing cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.