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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Orbital inflammatory disorders: new knowledge, future challenges.

Alon Kahana1,2

  • 1Consultants in Ophthalmic and Facial Plastic Surgery, P.C., Southfield.

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
|February 19, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent research reveals key mechanisms driving orbital inflammation, particularly in Graves' disease. A new FDA-approved drug targeting the IGF1R pathway offers hope for treating Graves' orbitopathy, though access remains a challenge.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Orbital inflammatory conditions are complex, involving autoimmune responses targeting the eye socket.
  • Understanding the specific pathways and molecular triggers is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize recent advancements in basic, translational, and clinical research concerning the pathogenesis and treatment of orbital inflammatory disorders.
  • To highlight the mechanisms underlying orbital inflammation and novel therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on orbital inflammation.
  • Analysis of basic science studies elucidating inflammatory pathways.
  • Examination of translational research leading to new drug development.

Main Results:

  • Endocrine pathways (TSH, IGF1R) and retinoids contribute to orbital inflammation.
  • The HIF2A--LOX pathway is implicated in orbital tissue fibrosis.
  • Teprotumumab, targeting the IGF1R pathway, is FDA-approved for Graves' orbitopathy.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in understanding orbital inflammation have yielded a new drug, with potential for further breakthroughs.
  • Translational research is effective but demands significant time and resources.
  • Ensuring patient access to sight-saving therapies like teprotumumab is critical.